From: Michael Current <MCURRENT@carleton.edu>
Subject: Atari 8-Bit Computers: Frequently Asked Questions
Date: 2 Nov 1996 11:11:18 GMT

Archive-name: atari-8-bit/faq
Posting-Frequency: 60 days
Last-modified: October 21, 1996

Welcome to the comp.sys.atari.8bit/Info-Atari8 Digest/INFO-A8 discussion group!


                          Atari 8-Bit Computers

                     Frequently Asked Questions List

    ___________                                            _______________
   | ///////// |              _____________               |  |||||||||||  |
   |___________|             |             |              |  ||_______||  |
   |______/////|             |____[---]____|              | / _________ \ |
   |LLLLLLLLLLL|             |LLLLLLLLLLL ||              | LLLLLLLLLLL L |
   |LLLLLLLLLLL|             |LLLLLLLLLLL ||              | LLLLLLLLLLL L |
   |__[_____]__|             |__[_____]____|              |___[_____]_____|

       130XE                      800XL                          800

400                1200XL                        65XE           XE Game System
                 

Additions/suggestions/comments/corrections are needed!  Please send to:

                       mailto:mcurrent@carleton.edu
                     UUCP: ...!umn-cs!ccnfld!mcurrent
                        Cleveland Free-Net: aa700

Copyright (c) 1992-1996 by Michael D. Current, and others where noted.
This file may be reproduced, in whole or in part, so long as the content of
that portion reproduced is not modified, and so long as credit is given to
this FAQ list or its Maintainer, or the author of that section reproduced 
when given.

The Atari 8-Bit Computers Frequently Asked Questions List was created to
provide answers to many commonly asked questions found in the Internet's
comp.sys.atari.8bit/Info-Atari8 Digest/INFO-A8 discussion group.  It is in
a constant state of development, and comes with no guarantees.  If you
see any problems, I need to hear from you!

     ---  Where to get the latest copy of the 8-bit Atari FAQ List  ---

The home of many FTP archive sites, automatically updated regularly:
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/news.answers/atari-8-bit/faq

The World Wide Web version, automatically generated regularly:
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/atari-8-bit/faq.html
http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/archive/atari-8-bit.faq.html

Usenet newsgroups where this FAQ list is automatically posted regularly:
news:comp.sys.atari.8bit  news:comp.answers  news:news.answers

You can also get the latest version by e-mail.
mailto:mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu , message says:
                  send usenet/news.answers/atari-8-bit/faq
                  quit

Finally, you can always ask me for a copy at mailto:mcurrent@carleton.edu

------------------------------

Subject: 0.1) Table of contents

 0.1) Table of contents

     Introduction
 1.1) What is an Atari 8-bit computer?
 1.2) What can I do with an 8-bit Atari?
 1.3) What are the performance specifications of the 8-bit Atari?
 1.4) What is the internal layout of the 8-bit Atari?

     Usenet
 2.1) What is comp.sys.atari.8bit?
 2.2) What is comp.sys.atari.announce?
 2.3) What is comp.sys.atari.advocacy?
 2.4) What is comp.sys.atari.programmer?
 2.5) What is comp.emulators.misc?
 2.6) What is comp.emulators.announce?
 2.7) Where can I post Atari binaries?

     E-Mail
 3.1) What is the Info-Atari8 Digest?
 3.2) What is INFO-A8?
 3.3) How can I retrieve files from FTP sites by e-mail?
 3.4) How can I post to Usenet newsgroups by e-mail?
 3.5) How can I access the World Wide Web by e-mail?

     Software Archives
 4.1) What is the University of Michigan Archive?
 4.2) What is the Boston Archive?
 4.3) What is the PVV Archive?
 4.4) What is the ClarkNet Archive?
 4.5) What is the Gatekeeper's Archive?
 4.6) What is the QACE Archive?
 4.7) What is the Polish Demo Archive?
 4.8) What is the Slovakian Archive?

     Telnet
 5.1) What is the Cleveland Free-Net Atari SIG?
 5.2) What is the National Capital Free-Net Atari Users SIG?
 5.3) What is the Victoria Free-Net Atari Computer Users SIG?
 5.4) What is the Closer To Home BBS?
 5.5) How can I access the World Wide Web by Telnet?

     World Wide Web
 7.1) What WWW pages support the 8-bit Atari?

     IRC
 8.1) What IRC channels discuss the 8-bit Atari?

     File Formats
 9.1) What's this UUEncoding stuff (.uu, .uue files) all about?
 9.2) What is an .arc file?
 9.3) What are the .DCM, .ATR, and .XFD file formats?
 9.4) What are the .XMO and .BIN file formats?

     Emulation
 10.1) What 8-bit Atari emulators exist for other computing platforms?

     File Transfer Solutions
 11.1) What are the best terminal emulators available?
 11.2) Can I read/write 8-bit Atari disks on an IBM-PC?
 11.3) Can I read/write MS-DOS disks on an 8-bit Atari?
 11.4) How do I transfer files using a null modem cable?

     Storage Media
 12.1) What 5.25" floppy disk drives are available?
 12.2) How can I use 3.5" floppy disks with my 8-bit Atari?
 12.3) What do I need to connect a hard drive to my 8-bit Atari?
 12.4) What is SIO2PC?

     General Interest
 13.1) What's the best DOS for the Atari?
 13.2) What hardware has Atari created in the 8-bit computer line?
 13.3) What are the power-supply requirements for my Atari components?
 13.4) What are the pinouts for the...?
 13.5) What BBS software can be used on the Atari?
 13.6) What version of Atari BASIC do I have?
 13.7) What are the Standards for Used 8-Bit Stuff?
 13.8) What games support 4 simultaneous players on the 400/800?
 13.9) Why should I disconnect the 810/1050 power supply before connecting or
       disconnecting SIO cables?

     Other Documents of Interest
 14.1) What vendors, developers, or publishers support the 8-bit Atari?
 14.2) Where is my nearest 8-bit Atari BBS?
 14.3) Where is my nearest 8-bit Atari user group?
 14.4) How do I use my new or emulated Atari?
 14.5) What prominent Atarians are reachable by e-mail?


Suggested topics, unwritten as yet: (volunteers?!)
   How fast of a modem can my Atari display keep up with?
	-with Ultraspeed roms?
	-with XEP-80
	-with any particular terminal program

   What is the XEP 80?

   What programming languages are available for the Atari?

   What kinds of replacement ROMS?
	-CSS Ultraspeed+
	-Omnimon
	-(there's another that I can't remember- SLCC uses it, I think)

   What kinds of monitors can I use with my Atari?
	-Color Composite with separate chroma\luminance
		-Commodore 1702
		-Commodore 1084/1084s(stereo)
			-can be used with ST or Amiga _and_ 8-bit
	-monitor cable requirements
	-400/600XL lack monitor port entirely
	-800XL lacks separate chroma/lumi (can be added) as 800/XE
	-XEGS totally different plug (RCA jacks) lacks chroma\lumi
	-XEP80 has composite monochrome

   Video Upgrades
	-Adding chroma\lumi to 800XL
	-Super Video Upgrades
		-800XL
		-130XE
		-1200XL
   How can I make my commercial boot disk (tape, cart)
    into a load file or disk image?

   What is APE?
   
------------------------------

Subject: 1.1) What is an Atari 8-bit computer?

400    800    1200XL    600XL    800XL    65XE    130XE    XE Game System

It was 1979 when Atari, Inc. entered the home computer market with the
introduction of the 800 and the 400 computer systems.  (The 400/800 models
were first shown publicly in November 1978).  These MOS Technology
6502-based systems run at a clock speed of 1.79 MHz, offering 256 colors
displayable simultaneously, up to 320x192 graphics resolution and up to 40x24
text resolution in 11 graphics modes and 5 text modes.  Video may be displayed
either on a composite video monitor in the case of the 800, or on a 
standard television for both systems.  4 independent sound voices are 
available through the audio output of the television or monitor, each with 
a 3 1/2 octave range, plus there is a built-in speaker for key-click and 
other programmable sounds.  The 800 has a second cartridge port and a 
full-stroke keyboard, while the 400 has a single cartridge port and a 
membrane keyboard.  Each has 4 serial controller ports and an Atari Serial 
Input/Output port.  Originally, both the 400 and 800 were sold with 8K RAM, 
but later most 800's were sold with 48K and 400's with 16K.  Each 
includes the 10K Atari Operating System in ROM.

The introduction of the 1200XL in 1982 marks the single largest advance in 
the 8-bit Atari system.  The 1200XL runs most software and hardware designed 
for the 800 and 400, but now runs a slightly more advanced 6502C 
microprocessor, and includes a full 64K RAM.  The single cartridge and 
monitor ports remain, along with 2 controller ports.  In addition, the 1200XL 
includes 4 programmable Function keys and a Help key, built-in diagnostic 
and graphics demonstration programs, and probably the favorite keyboard of 
any 8-bit Atari computer.  Clicks previously outputted through the built-in 
speaker are now heard from the television or monitor's speaker.  The revised 
14K Operating System offers many new features, including an alternate 
International Character Set.

In 1983 Atari replaced the 1200XL/800/400 line-up with the new 800XL and 
600XL.  These new machines include most of the features of the 1200XL minus 
the Function keys and the demo program.  But now both the 800XL and 600XL 
have the Atari BASIC language built-in.  In addition, these two systems 
offer the Parallel Bus Interface, providing direct memory access to the 
heart of the computer.  The 800XL contains 64K RAM while the 600XL has 16K RAM.

The new Atari Corp. delivered on its promise to advance the 8-bit Atari 
system by replacing the 800XL/600XL with the new 130XE and 65XE in 1985.  
The 65XE is nearly identical to the 800XL in features, minus the PBI.  
The 130XE, however, offers 128K RAM, plus a few special new graphics 
capabilities.  In addition, the 130XE replaces the PBI port with the 
Enhanced Cartridge Interface, continuing the powerful feature of direct 
memory access.

In a change of marketing strategy, Atari introduced the new XE Game System 
in 1987.  Despite its label, the XEGS is a true 8-bit Atari computer system.
It offers the convenience of a detachable keyboard and built-in Missile
Command game, while offering 64K RAM and full compatibility with the 65XE.

Atari Corp. officially dropped all remaining support of their 8-bit
computer line on January 1, 1992.

On August 1, 1996, Atari Corp. ( http://www.atari.com/ ) became a division of
upstart disk drive manufacturer JTS (AMEX:JTS).  In the short term, Atari is to
continue supporting their Jaguar 64-bit home game console as a division of JTS.

Founded in 1994, JTS Corporation develops and manufactures hard disk drives
for the computer industry. JTS has recently introduced its new 3Ó Nordic
product for the portable computer market. Headquartered in San Jose,
California, with manufacturing facilities in Madras, India, JTS employs 1,300
people worldwide.

------------------------------

Subject: 1.2) What can I do with an 8-bit Atari?

What can you do with an 8-bit Atari computer system?  Virtually anything you 
can do with any other type of computer!  

Programming?  Pascal, C, BASIC, Logo, Pilot, Forth, Lisp, 6502 assembler...
Plus powerful unique languages like Action! and QUICK...

Word Processing?  Try AtariWriter, Letter Perfect, Paperclip, TextPro, Bank 
Street Writer, 1st EXLent, TurboWord, Cut & Paste, Letter Wizard, Panther,
Superscript...

Database?  Try TurboBase, TurboFile, Synfile, Data Perfect, MicroFiler,
MegaFiler, Homebase, Super Data Base 1-2-3, Small Business System...

Speadsheet?  Look at Syncalc, Visicalc, TurboBase, Calc Magic, Turbo-Calc,
SAM Budget...

Communications?  There's Express!, BobTerm, Kermit-65, Omnicom, VT850, 
Chameleon, Ice-T, FlickerTerm 80, Term80...

Graphics?  Print Shop, Newsroom, Blazing Paddles, Video Title Shop, Virtuoso, 
Movie Maker, News Station, Publishing Pro, Awardware, Page Designer, 
ChromaCAD, Rambrandt...

Music?  Virtuoso, Music Studio, Music Construction Set, Songwriter, 
Electronic Drummer, Music Painter, Music Composer, AtariMusic, MIDI-Track,
Digital Music System, Chaos Music Composer...

Alternate Operating Systems?  There's the Diamond Graphic Operating
System; SpartaDOS X, the 64K DOS on a "supercartridge"; the S.A.M. (Screen 
Aided Management) 80 column Desktop System; the Ultra Speed Plus OS; 
the TurBoss! High Speed O/S...

Hardware?  A plethora of upgrades and add-ons are available, realizing
improvements in speed, memory, sound, graphics, storage media...you name it!
        
Education?  Colorful graphics, exciting sounds and full-screen editing give
rise to hundreds of quality educational software titles.

Entertainment?  The 8-bit Atari has long been famous for thousands of great 
games.

If you want to do something with a computer, chances are you can do it on an
8-bit Atari computer.  While slower than today's PC's, the 8-bit Atari is far
less costly than any of these, is easier to program at the machine level or
alter at the hardware level, and has been documented more thoroughly than any
of the newer computing platforms.  The relative simplicity in design of the
8-bit Atari also means that many people find the systems more reliable than
their modern counterparts.

The software for the 8-bit Atari is sometimes more powerful than on any other
platform.  For example, some Bulliten Board Systems are still run on 8-bit
Ataris specifically because the BBS software available can be better than that
for any other type of computer.  There is a reason for the relative quality of
software on the 8-bit Atari.  People program commercially for the latest PC's
to make money; people program the 8-bit Atari because they want to -- they
enjoy producing good software.  It takes a team of specialized programmers to
develop a major piece of software for those other systems; with the 8-bit
Atari, a single person has the chance to learn the entire system, thereby
developing greater pride in his programming abilities and his final product. 
The character of the programmer can shine through.

The 8-bit Atari owner can take pride that his computer platform was developed
years before the PC or Macintosh were even on the drawing boards, but remains
as useful today as it was in 1979.

For these reasons and more, the 8-bit Atari remains a viable alternative
in today's home computer marketplace.

------------------------------

Subject: 1.3) What are the performance specifications of the 8-bit Atari?

Some of this section by mailto:kendrick@zippy.sonoma.edu (Bill Kendrick).

Clock Speed:
NTSC machines: 1.78979 MHz
PAL machines: 1.773447 MHz

Graphics:
  Mode Horiz.xVert.xColors text/graphics
     0    40 x 24 x 2 text
     1    20 x 24 x 5 text
     2    20 x 12 x 5 text
     3    40 x 24 x 4 graphics
     4    80 x 48 x 2 graphics
     5    80 x 48 x 4 graphics
     6   160 x 96 x 2 graphics
     7   160 x 96 x 4 graphics
     8   320 x 192 x 2 graphics
     9    80 x 192 x 16 luminence-only graphics
    10    80 x 192 x 9 graphics
    11    80 x 192 x 16 hue-only graphics
    12    40 x 24 x 4-colored text
    13    40 x 12 x 4-colored text
    14   160 x 192 x 2 graphics
    15   160 x 192 x 4 graphics
  Normal (bordered), narrow (underscanned), and wide (overscanned) screen
    modes are available.
  Screen modes can be mixed (by lines) down the screen using the Display
    List - a program which is executed by the ANTIC graphics chip every
    screen refresh:
      60 times per second (Hz) on NTSC Ataris
      49.86 Hz on PAL machines
  Fine scrolling (both vertical and horizontal) can be enabled on any
    line on the screen.
  All other screen attributes (color, player/missile horizontal position,
    screen width, player/missile/playfield priority, etc.) can be ajusted
    at any point down the screen via a "Display List Interrupt."
  Four 8-bit wide, 128 or 256 byte high single color players, and four
    2-bit wide, 128 or 256 byte high single color missiles are available.
    A mode to combine the 4 missiles into a 5th 8-bit wide player is also
    available, as is a mode to XOR colors or blacken out colors when players
    overlap (good for making three colors out of two players!)  Players
    and missiles have adjustable priority and collision detection.

Sound:
  Four voices of 8-bit pitch-resolution, 4-bit volume-resolution,
    8-distortion sound can be produced.  2 voices (1 and 2, and/or 3 and 4)
    can be combined to make 16-bit pitch-resolution.  Also 4-bit volume-only
    modes can be enabled for digitally sampled sound replay.
  A fifth "voice" is produced by the internal speaker on Atari 400/800's
    (for keyclick and buzzer) and in the XL's and XE's this was
    (fortunately!) rerouted through the normal audio output, and the
    keyclick can be disabled.

------------------------------

Subject: 1.4) What is the internal layout of the 8-bit Atari?

The following text was written by Chris Crawford and appears in De Re
Atari (Atari#APX-90008), a book published and copyright by Atari, Inc.,
1981-1982.  It has been very slightly modified here for generality.

     "The internal layout of the Atari 8-bit computer is very different
from other systems.  It of course has a microprocessor (a 6502), RAM,
ROM, and a (PIA).  However, it also has three special-purpose (LSI) chips
known as ANTIC, GTIA, and POKEY.  These chips were designed by Atari
engineers primarily to take much of the burden of housekeeping off of the
6502, thereby freeing the 6502 to concentrate on computations.  While
they were at it, they designed a great deal of power into these chips.
Each of these chips is almost as big (in terms of silicon area) as a
6502, so the three of them together provide a tremendous amount of
power.  Mastering the Atari 8-bit computers is primarily a matter of
mastering these three chips.

     ANTIC ("Alpha-Numeric Television Interface Circuit") is a microprocessor 
dedicated to the television display.  It is a true microprocessor; it has an
instruction set, a program (called the display list), and data.  The display
list and the display data are written into RAM by the 6502.  ANTIC retrieves
this information from RAM using direct memory access (DMA).  It processes the
higher level instructions in the display list and translates these instructions
into a real-time stream of simple instructions to GTIA.

     GTIA is a television interface chip.  ANTIC directly controls most
of GTIA's operations, but the 6502 can be programmed to intercede and
control some or all of GTIA's functions.  GTIA converts the digital
commands from ANTIC (or the 6502) into the signal that goes to the
television.  GTIA also adds some factors of its own, such as color
values, player-missle graphics, and collision detection.

     POKEY is a digital input/output (I/O) chip.  It handles such
disparate tasks as the serial I/O bus, audio generation, keyboard scan,
and random number generation.  It also digitizes the resistive paddle
inputs and controls maskable interrupt (IRQ) requests from peripherals.

     All four of these LSI chips function simultaneously.  Careful
separation of their functions in the design phase has minimized conflicts
between the chips.  The only hardware level conflict between any two
chips in the system occurs when ANTIC needs to use the address and data
buses to fetch its display information.  To do this, it halts the 6502
and takes control of the buses."

The 130XE and XEGS contain a small additional LSI called FREDDIE, a RAM address
multiplexer.  According to mailto:sup8pdct@closer.brisnet.org.au (James
Bradford), "Freddy is a type of memory controller.  It takes the address and
clock from the CPU and multiplexes it with the appropriate timings and signals
to use DYNAMIC memory.  Freddy also buffers the system clock crystal and
divides it down then feeds that to GTIA.  The XEGS has a freddy but it doesn't
have the extended RAM.  Even if it did, you would still need the chip that
does the REAL bank switching.  It is a small 16-pin chip (Atari/Best
Electronics catalog number CO25953: rev9/page 42).  It gets RAS from freddy,
the bank select bits from PIA, A14, A15 and the 6502 halt signal to control
which bank of 8 chips RAS goes to.  A14 and A15 then go to freddy for the
address range of the extra memory bank (or normal address range with no bank
switching).  The ANTIC/6502 select bits in combination with the 6502 halt
line, control the switching of the PIA bank number bits to A14/A15 and which
bank of memory RAS goes to.  Why people say freddy does the bank switching is
beyond me.  An 800XL can look like a 130XE with that 16-pin chip installed
(That's right NO freddy) and an extra 8 RAM chips."


Hardware Arrangement (With thanks to mailto:peter@soemtron.sb.sub.de (Peter))

                  ->                    
+---------------------------------------+
|            +------------+             |
|            | CPU(6502C) |         +-------+
|            +------------+      <- |  I/O- |
|                  |     +----------|release|
|                 +-+    |          +-------+
| +---------+<-   |p|    |               |
| |   MMU   |-----| |    | <-+---------+-|----------+----------+
*-| memory- |     |r|    *---|   PIA   | | (trigger)|Controller|====\
| |managment|-----|-+--------| (6520)  | |+---------|   Ports  |====/
| +---------+<-   |o| -> |   +---------+-|-+  <-->  +----------+
|                 | |    |               |||           |    |
|   +-----+       |c|    | <-+---------+ |||           |(lightpen)
|   | RAM |<-A/D  | |    *---|  ANTIC  | |||           |    |
*---|8-128|-------|e|----|---|(2nd CPU)|---------------+    |
|   |Kbyte|->D    | | -> |   +---------+ ||| +---------------
|   +-----+       |s|    |       ||      ||| |
|                 | |    | <-+---------+-|||--------+(screen)
|  +-------+      |s|    *---|  GTIA   |-|+| |      |
|  | Atari |<-A   | |----|---|  /CTIA  | | | | +----------+   +-----------+   
|  | BASIC |------|o| -> |   +---------+ | | | | summary  |===| modulator |
*--|8 Kbyte|->D   | |    |               | | | |connection|===| ^^^^^^^^^ |
|  |  ROM  |      |r|    | <-+---------+ | | | +----------+   +-----------+ 
|  +-------+      | |    +---|  POKEY  |-|-|-+      |(sound)        |
|                 | |--------|         |-|-|--------+               |
|  +-------+      |b| ->     +---------+ | +----------+             |
|  |AtariOS|<-A   | |                 |  |            |             |
*--|10/16Kb|------|u|                 +--|----------+ |         tv/monitor    
|  |  ROM  |->D   | +-----------------   |          | |         **********
|  +-------+      |s|              | |   |          | |
|                 | |              | |   |          | |
|                 +-+              +-+   |          | |
|                  |                |    |          | |
+--------------*---|------------*---|    |          | |
               |   |            |   |    |          | |
             +-----------+    +-----------+    +------------+
             |ParallelBus|    | Cartridge |    |   Serial   |
             |Interface/ |    |   Slot    |    |Input/Output|
             | Enhanced  |    |    ROM    |    |    (SIO)   |
             | Cartridge |    +-----------+    +------------+
             | Interface |          |                |
             +-----------+          |                |
                   |                |                |
        - memory expansion    -cartridge with   - disk drive
        - Z80 card             programs         - printer
        - 80 char card         (games , dos )   - modem

NOTES
 * RAM: 400/800:8/16/48K, 1200XL/800XL/65XE/XEGS:64K, 600XL:16K, 130XE:128K
 * ROM: 400/800:10K OS, 1200XL:16K OS, all others:16K OS + 8K Atari BASIC
 * CPU: 400/800:6502, all others:6502C
 * 800 includes two Cartridge Slots, all others include one
 * early release 400/800 have CTIA instead of GTIA
 * 400/800 have 4 Controller Ports, all others have 2
 * PBI is on 600XL/800XL only
 * ECI is on 130XE/800XE only

According to Doug Neubauer (by way of mailto:finneganj@delphi.com (James
Finnegan), here is the team that originally designed the Atari 400/800:
<quote>

The A800 VLSI hardware guys include:
Jay Miner - Creator and System architect, VSLI manager
Steve Mayer - Also one of the creators (from the grass valley group)
Joe Decuir - Antic and system and creator
???A french guy (whose name I forget) - Antic logic designer
George McLeod - CTIA and GTIA logic design
Doug Neubauer - Pokey logic design
Mark Shieu - Pokey chip design
Steve Stone - Pokey layout design
Steve Smith - Technician for antic and gtia
Delwin Pearson - Technician for Pokey

There were a number of other people whoses names I have forgotten.
I have lost touch with most of them.

<end quote>

According to mailto:jjessop@ix3.ix.netcom.com (Jerry Jessop), the original
400/800 OS programmers were:

Larry Kaplan
David Crane
Bob Whitehead
Al Miller
 
------------------------------

Subject: 2.1) What is comp.sys.atari.8bit?

If you have Usenet newsgroup access you can access this discussion group
through news:comp.sys.atari.8bit .  This is an unmoderated newsgroup for
discussion about the 8-bit Atari 400/800/XL/XE computing platform.  All
postings to comp.sys.atari.8bit automatically appear in the
Info-Atari8 Digest and in INFO-A8.

comp.sys.atari was split into comp.sys.atari.8bit and comp.sys.atari.st in
approximately 1986.  To the best of my knowledge, there is no charter for
comp.sys.atari.8bit, presumably because the custom of drafting charters
for new newsgroups did not exist at that time.

comp.sys.atari.8bit is archived by the INFO-A8 list server.

------------------------------

Subject: 2.2) What is comp.sys.atari.announce?

news:comp.sys.atari.announce is the moderated Usenet newsgroup for news
items and announcements related to all Atari computing platforms.  This is
a low-volume, high-signal newsgroup, useful for reaching the widest
possible audience when making 8-bit Atari announcements.  Moderated by
Yat Siu from mailto:lexicor@world.std.com .

------------------------------

Subject: 2.3) What is comp.sys.atari.advocacy?

news:comp.sys.atari.advocacy is the unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for
advocating for or against the various Atari computing platforms.  If you
enjoy making comparisons between Atari 8-bit and other computing
platforms, this is the place to do it.

------------------------------

Subject: 2.4) What is comp.sys.atari.programmer?

news:comp.sys.atari.programmer is the unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for
topics in programming on the various Atari computing platforms,
including the Atari 8-bit.

------------------------------

Subject: 2.5) What is comp.emulators.misc?

news:comp.emulators.misc is the unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for the
discussion of emulating computing platforms on other computing platforms.
All emulator discussion that does not involve the Apple ][, the
Commodore 64, or the WINE MS-Windows emulator (which each have their own
emulator groups) may be found on comp.emulators.misc.

------------------------------

Subject: 2.6) What is comp.emulators.announce?

news:comp.emulators.announce is the moderated Usenet newsgroup for
news items about emulating one computing platform on another.  This is
a low-volume, high-signal newsgroup, useful for reaching the widest
possible audience when making 8-bit Atari emulator announcements.
The moderator may be contacted at mailto:emulators-request@qualcomm.com .

------------------------------

Subject: 2.7) Where can I post Atari binaries?

If you really want to post uuencoded atari binaries to News, you can use

news:alt.binaries.atari

The discussion forum for that group is news:alt.binaries.atari.d

There is also a less-distributed newsgroup news:alt.binaries.comp.atari8bit

------------------------------

Subject: 3.1) What is the Info-Atari8 Digest?

If you have Internet e-mail access you can access this discussion group
through the Info-Atari8 Digest.

The Info-Atari8 Digest originates from

mailto:atari8@netcom.com

Subscription requests should be sent to the above address with the subject:

SUBSCRIBE  |  UNSUBSCRIBE         (that is, one or the other)

The first line of the body of the letter should be the person's full name
followed by his/her mailing address.  For example:

Mike Todd snyder10@convex1.tcs.tulane.edu

To contribute to discussion threads in the Info-Atari8 Digest, or to start a
new thread, send your posting to:

mailto:comp.sys.atari.8bit@pubnews.demon.co.uk

Postings sent in this way automatically appear on comp.sys.atari.8bit and in
INFO-A8.

Note that any posting sent to atari8@netcom.com will NOT be cross-posted to
comp.sys.atari.8bit, so don't send your posting there.  The Moderator hopes to
correct this in the future.

The Info-Atari8 Digest is archived by the INFO-A8 listserver.

Recent copies are also kept at
ftp://ftp.kendall.mdcc.edu/pub/atari/info-a8/ (147.70.146.36) by Jason
Duerstock.

The Info-Atari8 Digest Moderator is Mike Todd,
mailto:snyder10@convex1.TCS.Tulane.EDU .

------------------------------

Subject: 3.2) What is INFO-A8?

If you have BITNET or Internet e-mail access you can access this
discussion group through INFO-A8.

The BITNET subscription commands are:
      tell listserv at marist register <your real full name>
      tell listserv at marist subscribe info-a8

The Internet subscription command is:
      mailto:listerv@vm.marist.edu where the message says
      subscribe info-a8 <your real full name>

To contribute to discussion threads in INFO-A8, send your posting to

mailto:comp.sys.atari.8bit@pubnews.demon.co.uk

Postings sent in this way automatically appear on comp.sys.atari.8bit and in
the Info-Atari8 Digest.

Any postings sent to info-a8@vm.marist.edu or to INFO-A8@MARIST will not reach
comp.sys.atari.8bit, so don't send your postings there.

You may leave the list at any time by sending a "SIGNOFF INFO-A8" command
to LISTSERV@MARIST, or by sending a message to
mailto:listserv@vm.marist.edu that says "unsubscribe info-a8".  Please
note that this command must NOT be sent to INFO-A8@MARIST or to
info-a8@vm.marist.edu.

---The archive of comp.sys.atari.8bit, the Info-Atari8 Digest, and INFO-A8---

You can obtain a list of the available archive files by sending an "INDEX
INFO-A8" command to LISTSERV@MARIST or by sending a message to
mailto:listserv@vm.marist.edu that says "index info-a8".  These files can
then be retrieved by means of a "GET INFO-A8 filetype" command, or by
using the database search facilities of LISTSERV.  Send an "INFO DATABASE"
command for more information on the latter.

Recent copies are also kept at
ftp://ftp.kendall.mdcc.edu/pub/atari/info-a8/ (147.70.146.36) by Jason
Duerstock.

The INFO-A8 Moderators are:
           HARRY@MARIST                      (A Harry Williams)
     mailto:ravi@mcnc.org                    (Ravi Subrahmanyan)
     mailto:billw@score.stanford.edu         (Bill Westfield)

INFO-A8 was created on December 9, 1986.

------------------------------

Subject: 3.3) How can I retrieve files from FTP sites by e-mail?

     There are several general-purpose FTP mail-servers.  These may be used to
retrieve any files available from anonymous FTP sites on the Internet.

     1) mailto:ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com with no subject line, and two-line
body with line 1 help and line 2 quit

     2) mailto:ftpmail@grasp.insa-lyon.fr (body: help ) Please, European
users only.

     3) mailto:bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu (body: help or ftplist for a
list of anonymous ftp sites)

Of the mail-servers listed here, I recommend this "BITFTP" server.  To help you
get started using it, try this example of retrieving files from the Umich
Software Archives (through the barnone.citi.umich.edu mirror site).  Send a
message to bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu that says exactly:

  ftp barnone.citi.umich.edu
  user anonymous
  cd atari/8bit
  dir
  cd Telecomm
  dir
  get ft80v037.txt
  get icet.txt
  binary
  get ft80v037.arc
  get icet.arc
  quit

     4) mail BITFTP@DEARN or to mailto:BITFTP@vm.gmd.de (body: help or
ftplist for a list of anonymous ftp sites) (Europe only)

------------------------------

Subject: 3.4) How can I post to Usenet newsgroups by e-mail?

From the internet-services/access-via-email FAQ, maintained by "Doctor Bob"
Rankin. (1995/08/28 edition)

Mail the text of your post to:

   group.name@pubnews.demon.co.uk
   group.name@dispatch.demon.co.uk
   group.name@paris.ics.uci.edu
   group.name@crs4gw.crs4.it
   group.name@berlioz.crs4.it
   group.name@magus.dgsys.com              (unverified)
   group.name.usenet@hkucs92.air.org       (unverified)

For example, to post to comp.sys.atari.8bit, you might send your
message to:

   comp.sys.atari.8bit@pubnews.demon.co.uk

Be sure to include an appropriate Subject: line, and include your real
name and e-mail address at the close of your note.

------------------------------

Subject: 3.5) How can I access the World Wide Web by e-mail?

Swiped from the WWW FAQ, which is maintained by mailto:boutell@netcom.com
(Thomas Boutell), here is how to access a web page by email:

   mailto:server@mail.w3.org (preferred) or to
   mailto:listserv@info.cern.ch (older address) containing
   the following single line. (What you put on the subject line doesn't
   matter; blank is OK. This line should go in the text of the message.)
   You will receive as a reply a simple page intended to help you learn
   more about the Web.

send http://www.earn.net/gnrt/www.html

------------------------------

Subject: 4.1) What is the University of Michigan Archive?

The University of Michigan (UMich) Software Archives hold a huge number of
files for many computing platforms, including the Atari 8-bit computers.  For
more information:

Bill Kendrick, mailto:kendrick@zippy.sonoma.edu (8-bit Atari files)
Mickey Boyd, mailto:boydm@atari.archive.umich.edu (the entire Atari Archive)
Michael Dautermann, mailto:myke@umich.edu (the entire UMich Software Archives)

Downloading
-----------
There are numerous methods available for downloading files from the UMich
Archive.  The Archivists request you use these mechanisms in this order of
preference:

1) The number one way to get into the UMich archives is via AFS. If you have
AFS, all our files are kept in the directory
"/afs/umich.edu/group/itd/archive". If you have AFS, PLEASE USE IT! 
Specifically, use:

file:///afs/umich.edu/group/itd/archive/atari/8bit/

2) Gophering to gopher.archive.umich.edu and looking under the "Software
Archives" choice.  Specifically, use:

gopher://gopher.archive.umich.edu:7055/11/atari/8bit/

There are also mirror Gopher servers:
gopher://wuarchive.wustl.edu:70/11/systems/atari/umich.edu/8bit/
gopher://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk:70/1/0-Most-Packages/atari/umich/8bit/
gopher://gopher.orst.edu:70/11/g-i-s/computer/zftparea/mirrors/archive.umich.edu/atari/8bit

3) The WWW interface is fine, at this point.  http://www.umich.edu/~archive/
Specifically, use:

http://www.umich.edu/~archive/atari/8bit/

A mirror web site:
http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/atari/umich/8bit/

4) FTPing to atari.archive.umich.edu and looking in the "8bit" subdirectory.
Specifically, use:

ftp://atari.archive.umich.edu/atari/8bit/

The atari.archive.umich.edu FTP site is chronically overloaded, but there are
several mirror sites which are all updated from the home site regularly:
ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/atari/umich.edu/8bit/
ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/atari/umich/8bit/
ftp://info2.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/afs/umich.edu/group/itd/archive/atari/8bit/
ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/mirrors/archive.umich.edu/atari/8bit/
ftp://barnone.citi.umich.edu/atari/8bit/  ( <-- RECOMMENDED )
ftp://ftp.kendall.mdcc.edu/pub/atari/umich.edu/8bit/
ftp://ftp.toad.net/pub/umich/8bit/

Brief FTP tips:
 - user name is "anonymous"; password is your e-mail address
 - Remember to set file type to BINARY when downloading non-text files
   (.arc, .com, .dcm, etc.) by FTP.

5) E-Mail <-> FTP gateways.  See the section of this FAQ list entitled "How can
I retrieve files from FTP sites by e-mail?"

Uploading
---------
General uploading tips:
 - No uploads may be made to the Archive's mirror sites.
 - Please also upload a short text file describing what your upload is.  You
   might also suggest what permanent 8bit subdirectory you'd like your file to
   end up in.
 - Note that the 8bit/New directory is "write-only."

1) upload via AFS:
Just copy files into file:///afs/umich.edu/group/itd/archive/atari/8bit/New/

2) upload via FTP:
FTP to atari.archive.umich.edu, cd into "8bit/New", and upload your files.

Brief FTP tips:
 - user name is "anonymous"; password is your e-mail address
 - Remember to set file type to BINARY when downloading non-text files
   (.arc, .com, .dcm, etc.) by FTP.

3) upload via E-Mail:
Simply uuencode the file, (please split it into parts of 60 K or less)
and mail the result to mailto:lenn@atari.archive.umich.edu (Jody Lenn).  Please
name the parts in the subject line.  This is really helpful as the parts
usually don't arrive in the proper sequence.  Also, please include a
message labeled "file transmission," containing a short description of
the file, etc.  Shar files are also acceptable, but uuencoded is preferred.

------------------------------

Subject: 4.2) What is the Boston Archive?

     Here's an 8-bit Atari FTP site located at Boston University.  It is
maintained by Adam Bryant, mailto:adb@albert.bu.edu .  This site seems to
have seen no uploads for years, but there are some files here that aren't
on any of the other sites.  [IS THIS SITE LOST? - 10/13/95]

     ftp://cs-ftp.bu.edu/PC/ATARI (128.197.13.20)

------------------------------

Subject: 4.3) What is the PVV Archive?

This is a mid-sized Atari FTP site maintained by mailto:eyvind@stud.unit.no
(Eyvind Bernhardsen).  PVV stands for ProgramVareVerstedet, or The Software
Workshop, a student society at the University of Trondheim, Norway.

     ftp://ftp.pvv.unit.no/pub/atari/8bit/ (129.241.210.232)

Uploads go to /incoming/atari/8bit; Eyvind will move them to the appropriate
directory.  Please include a readme file with each upload, so people know
what they're downloading.

------------------------------

Subject: 4.4) What is the ClarkNet Archive?

This smallish 8-bit Atari FTP site is maintained by Kevin Atkinson,
mailto:kevina@clark.net .

ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/atari (168.143.0.2)

Write to Kevin for uploading instructions.

A mirror of the ClarkNet Archive, kept by Jason Duerstock:
ftp://ftp.kendall.mdcc.edu/pub/atari/clark.net/ (147.70.146.36)

------------------------------

Subject: 4.5) What is the Gatekeeper's Archive?

This small FTP site offers most of the resources provided on the Atari
8-Bit Home Page.  Kept by mailto:ipoorten@cs.vu.nl (Ivo van Poorten, The
Gatekeeper).

ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/ipoorten/atari.8bit (192.31.231.43)

------------------------------

Subject: 4.6) What is the QACE Archive?

The Queensland Atari Computer Enthusiasts have a fairly large FTP site.  It is
located in Australia and is the local internet sight of Super Products. 
Contact James Bradford, mailto:sup8pdct@closer.brisnet.org.au for more
info.

ftp://203.4.149.98/8bit

------------------------------

Subject: 4.7) What is the Polish Demo Archive?

It's a place when you can get all Polish (not only) demos (not only)
                       on a Atari 8-bit.
If You have any comments, write to:
                mailto:LukSoft@hipokrates.am.lublin.pl

ftp://hipokrates.am.lublin.pl/sys/pub/atari8/

------------------------------

Subject: 4.8) What is the Slovakian Archive?

This FTP site contains some demos, games, utils, zines from all the world.
Here you can also find some Slovak or Czech stuff.

Contact:  mailto:mchorvat@econ.umb.sk (Marco, of GMG)
                                                                
ftp://svs.scsss.sk/pub/atari/

------------------------------

Subject: 5.1) What is the Cleveland Free-Net Atari SIG?

     The Cleveland Free-Net is the hub system of the NPTN, the National
Public Telecomputing Network.  It can be accessed by any of the following:
telnet://freenet-in-a.cwru.edu, telnet://freenet-in-b.cwru.edu, or
telnet://freenet-in-c.cwru.edu (129.22.8.32 or 129.22.8.51).
Type "go atari" to reach the Atari SIG.

Those who add their names to the Atari SIG user directories are
automatically members of the official Atari user group C.A.I.N. - Central
Atari Information Network.

The Cleveland Free-Net Atari SIG publishes the CAIN Newsletter, maintains
the CAIN Home Page on the WWW, and keeps the "Who's Who in the Atari
Community E-Mail Directory" listing.  Send correspondence and press
releases to mailto:xx004@cleveland.freenet.edu (Atari SIG).

------------------------------

Subject: 5.2) What is the National Capital Free-Net Atari Users SIG?

National Capital Free-Net (Ottawa, Canada)

Internet access to NCF is via 

telnet://guest@freenet2.carleton.ca (134.117.1.39) type "go atari" at any menu
telnet://guest@freenet3.carleton.ca (134.117.1.22) type "go atari" at any menu
gopher://gopher.ncf.carleton.ca  and choose:
                        'National Capital Freenet (NCF) Information by Gopher'
http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/freeport/sigs/computer/atari/menu/

This is the Atari computer(*) users special interest group.  

Select the Bulletin Board for the latest Atari related news on the SIG
To get information on the other options select the menu option in question
and read the ABOUT message.

        For more information, please contact Jack Kitowicz (ac382) on the
National Capital FreeNet. Comments & Suggestions for improvements to the
Atari SIG are always welcome.

------------------------------

Subject: 5.3) What is the Victoria Free-Net Atari Computer Users SIG?

Victoria Free-Net (Victoria, Canada)

telnet://guest@freenet.victoria.bc.ca (199.60.222.1)

type "go atari" at any menu

Facilitators: Gord Hooper (mailto:ua558@freenet.victoria.bc.ca)
              Ted Skrecky (GCACE Librarian)
                          (mailto:ud264@freenet.victoria.bc.ca)

The aim of this SIG is to assist Atari Computer users. We can provide
assistance with XL/XEs, STs, and Falcons, whether you are a new or
experienced user.

------------------------------

Subject: 5.4) What is the Closer To Home BBS?

Kept by mailto:Dave.Blears@closer.brisnet.org.au (Dave Blears), this is a
BBS in Australia which supports the 8-bit Atari.

telnet://guest@closer.brisnet.org.au (203.4.149.97)

------------------------------

Subject: 5.5) How can I access the World Wide Web by Telnet?

This section swiped from the WWW FAQ, which is kept by
mailto:boutell@netcom.com (Thomas Boutell).

   An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as
   http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be
   regarded as an authoritative list.

   telnet://telnet.w3.org
          A telnettable browser provided by the W3 coalition.

   telnet://www@www.cc.ukans.edu
          Offers Lynx, a full screen browser which requires a vt100
          terminal. Log in as www. Does not allow users to "go" to
          arbitrary URLs, so GET YOUR OWN COPY of Lynx and install it on
          your system if your administrator has not done so already. The
          best plain-text browser, so move mountains if necessary to get
          your own copy of Lynx!

   telnet://www@www.njit.edu
          (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser
          in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.

   telnet://www@www.huji.ac.il
          A dual-language Hebrew/English database, with links to the rest
          of the world. The line mode browser, plus extra features. Log
          in as www. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

   telnet://sun.uakom.cs
          Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.

   telnet://www@info.funet.fi
          (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Offers several
          browsers, including Lynx (goto option is disabled there also).

   telnet://www@fserv.kfki.hu
          Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.

------------------------------

Subject: 7.1) What WWW pages support the 8-bit Atari?

This should be a complete list of WWW pages supporting the 8-bit Atari.

VENDORS/DEVELOPERS/PUBLISHERS:
See my companion vendor/developer list

USER GROUPS:

Atari Bit Byter User Club e.V. (ABBUC e.V.)
mailto:0236639623-0001@t-online.de
http://wwwcip.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/~inf11492/abbuc/

Atari Boise User Group (ABUG)
Ron Whittam, whittam@primenet.com
http://www.primenet.com/~whittam/atari.html

Atari Computer Enthusiasts of Columbus (ACEC)
mailto:rwarenz@freenet.columbus.oh.us
gopher://gopher.freenet.columbus.oh.us/11/specialinterestgroups/Atari%20Computer%20Enthusiasts%20of%20Columbus

The Atari Exchange of Louisville (AEL)
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rlink/

Central Atari Information Network (CAIN)
Cleveland Free-Net Atari SIG, mailto:xx004@cleveland.freenet.edu
http://ace.cs.ohiou.edu/personal/mleair/cain.html

Edmonton Atari Computer Hobbyists (EACH)
Leslie Hartmier, mailto:leslieh@tibalt.supernet.ab.ca 
http://www.compdirect.com/each/

NorthWest Phoenix Atari Connection (NWPAC)
John Collins, Club Webmangler, mailto:coolzip@host.yab.com
http://www.yab.com/~coolzip/club.html

Queensland Atari Computer Enthusiasts (QACE)
mailto:qace@closer.brisnet.org.au
http://www.closer.brisnet.org.au/atari/atari.html

St. Paul Atari Computer Enthusiasts (SPACE)
Michael Current, mailto:mcurrent@carleton.edu
http://www.library.carleton.edu/space/

Toronto Atari Federation (TAF)
mailto:taf@io.org
http://www.io.org/~schrist/taf.html

OTHER HOME PAGES:

Atari 8-Bit Computers FAQ and Vendor/Developer Lists
Michael Current, mailto:mcurrent@carleton.edu
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-bng/comp.sys.atari.8bit.html

The Atari 8-Bit Home Page
Ivo van Poorten, mailto:ipoorten@cs.vu.nl
http://pmwww.cs.vu.nl/home/ipoorten/Atari.8bit.Homepage/

Atari 8-bit Resort
Marek Tomczyk, mailto:Marek.Tomczyk@stud.uni-karlsruhe.de
http://www.uni-karlsruhe.de/~Marek.Tomczyk/8bit.html

Big Atari 8bit Home Page
Tomasz Tatar, mailto:tatar@student.uci.agh.edu.pl
http://student.uci.agh.edu.pl/~tatar/Atari/hp.html

Some Atari 8-bit Stuff
Rob Funk, mailto:funk+@osu.edu
http://er4www.eng.ohio-state.edu/~funkr/Atari/

Atari XL/XE-System
ACF Design Team, mailto:wwg28@rzserv2.fh-lueneburg.de
http://rzserv2.fh-lueneburg.de:8080/Atari_2

ATARI XL/XE - Homepage
Stefan Lausberg, mailto:lausberg@studbox.uni-stuttgart.de
http://wwwcip.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/~inf11492/

Tolkien computer games for the Atari 400
Fredrik Ekman, mailto:ekman@lysator.liu.se
http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/atari.html

The good old Atari Computers (1978-1985)
Sacha Hofer, mailto:hofer@iamexwi.unibe.ch
http://iamexwi.unibe.ch/studenten/hofer/atari1.html

WWWorld of Atari 8-bit...
mailto:pdg@alexia.net.au
http://werple.net.au/~lions/atari.htm

Alternate Reality Homepage
Robert Hagenstrom, mailto:sp93rob@ksk.sala.se
http://www.ksk.sala.se/~sp93rob/dungeon/

Reminiscing: 8-Bit Atari Games
John V. Goodman, mailto:jgoodman@tiac.net
http://www.tiac.net/users/jgoodman/atari/atarienter.html

Classic Home Video Games Museum
Dennis Brown, mailto:dgb@owlnet.rice.edu
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~dgb/museum/

La cueva de los 8 bits
Mariano Domnguez Molina, mailto:mariano@ce.fciencias.unam.mx 
http://graf.fciencias.unam.mx:100/~mariano/atari.html

Alternate Reality The Classic Role Playing Game
Matt Roller, kirk.webb@m.cc.utah.edu
http://www.cc.utah.edu/~krw8466

Atari 8-bit Emulation
Tony Smolar, mailto:asmolar@fast.net
http://www.users.fast.net/~smol/8bitemu.html

Atari 8-bit Utilities (emulators/SIO2PC/APE)
Preston Crow, mailto:crow@cs.dartmouth.edu
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~crow/atari/

BRiTiSH Underground Atari 8-bit
Craig Lisowski, mailto:clisowsk@mcs.kent.edu
http://intrepid.mcs.kent.edu/~clisowsk/8bit.html

Homepage Nyman: Atari 8 bit
Peter Nyman, mailto:N94PetNy@Midgard.Liu.Se
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2741/8bit.html

Atari 8-bit Emulator utilities
Ivan Mackintosh, mailto:ivan@dales.rmplc.co.uk 
http://dales.rmplc.co.uk/ivan/atari/ 

Draco's Atari area
Konrad M. Kokoszkiewicz, mailto:conradus@plearn.edu.pl
http://www.orient.uw.edu.pl/~conradus/atari.html

8-Bit Atari Emulation and Games
David Grieve, mailto:DavidG@bagend.otago.ac.nz
http://www.otago.ac.nz/Web_menus/User_Homepages/david/

Cartridge List for the Classic Atari 800/XL/XE Computers
Andrew Krieg, mailto:krieg@execpc.com
http://www.cs.uwm.edu/public/krieg/links/atari.8bit.carts

------------------------------

Subject: 8.1) What IRC channels discuss the 8-bit Atari?

==> #atari8 - Just for 8-bit Atari users!

==> #classic - Classic Games and Systems Collectors.

mailto:cmwagner@gate.net (Chad Wagner) writes:

If you have access to a Unix host then you should be able to get to irc by
typing irc at your shell prompt and jumping on an EFnet server
(irc.portal.com, irc.eskimo.com, dewey.cc.utexas.edu) and joining #atari8.

If you are using a host that has a menu system then locate IRC and go there,
and join #atari8 (and hope your on EFnet, :).

If you are using SLIP/PPP then download a client (for Windows users, download
mIRC for Winsock archives, and I would guess that most SLIP/PPP users -- if
they have gotten that far -- are familiar with IRC, :) and select one of
the servers and join #atari8.  There is many IRC servers on EFnet, chances
are the one your on is on EFnet.

------------------------------

Subject: 9.1) What's this UUEncoding stuff (.uu, .uue files) all about?

     UUEncode/UUdecode is a UNIX utility that will convert a binary file into
100% printable ASCII characters, so that the file may be posted or e-mailed
anywhere a text message can go.  The 8-bit Atari is perfectly capable of
UUEncoding/UUdecoding as well.  On the archives:

Uudecode 1.2a by John Sangster - very functional.
  filenames: Archivers/uudecode.bas, Archivers/uudecode.doc

Yet Another UU-coder by John Dunning - both decoding/encoding.
  filename: Archivers/yau.arc

Uudecode.com, Uuencode.com by ??? - "newer, cleaner, easier to use."
  filename: Utilities/uue.arc

Dumas UU-coder by John Dunning
  filename: Cc65/dumasuu.arc

------------------------------

Subject: 9.2) What is an .arc file?

     A file with the extender .arc has been archived in a standard manner that
is common in the MS-DOS world.  This is done to make the file shorter,
so it takes up less space on your disk and it takes less time to transfer
between computers.  The archives contains several 8-bit Atari archivers
fully compatible with this standard, including:

Super Un-Arc 2.3, Super Arc 2.0 by Bob Puff - highly recommended.
  filenames:   Archivers/superarc.arc - both Super Un-Arc & Super Arc
               Archivers/suprarc2.arc - Super Arc
               Archivers/supunarc.com - Super Un-Arc
               Archivers/supunarc.uue - Super Un-Arc
 
------------------------------

Subject: 9.3) What are the .DCM, .ATR, and .XFD file formats?

These are all filename extensions used to name files containing entire 8-bit 
Atari floppy disk images.

DCM - Disk Communicator format.  Invented by Bob Puff,
      mailto:76702.1076@compuserve.com for his Disk Communicator 3.2 utility.
      Used when working with native Atari hardware.

ATR - Atari disk image format.  Invented by Nick Kennedy,
      mailto:nkennedy@cswnet.com for his SIO2PC project.
      Used when working with non-Atari hardware.

XFD - Xformer disk image format. Invented by Emulators Inc,
      mailto:emulators@msn.com for their ST Xformer emulator.
      Identical to ATR except without the 16 byte header.
      Used when working with non-Atari hardware.

PRO - APE ProSystem format.  Invented by Steven Tucker, 
      mailto:classics@nacs.net for his APE ProSystem device.
      Used with APE, the Atari Peripheral Emulator.

------------------------------

Subject: 9.4) What are the .XMO and .BIN file formats?

XMO stands for XMODEM.  The idea was that the file was not plain text,
but was a binary file.  As a binary file, it had to be downloaded using a
file transfer protocol such as XMODEM.  The use of ".xmo" as a filename
extender was popular once, but has been discouraged for years.

BIN - another filename extension sometimes used to designate binary-load
files.  Like .xmo, use of .bin is discouraged.

------------------------------

Subject: 10.1) What 8-bit Atari emulators exist for other computing
               platforms?

These are the five emulators that are usable.

1) ST Xformer 3.0, from Emulators Inc, for the Atari ST.
  mailto:emulators@msn.com 
  http://www.emulators.com/

2) PC Xformer 3.5, from Emulators Inc, for MS-Windows.
  mailto:emulators@msn.com 
  http://www.emulators.com/

3) Rainbow 1.3, by Chris Lam, for MacOS/Windows 95/NT
  mailto:jx91@cityscape.co.uk
  http://www.cityscape.co.uk/users/jx91/rainbow.html

4) Atari800 Emulator for Unix and Amiga, by David Firth
  Latest version: 0.4.5
  mailto:david@signus.demon.co.uk
  ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/emulators/atari/  (158.152.1.44)

5) XL-it! 0.16, by Markus Gietzen, for MS-DOS
  mailto:iig05-1@htw.uni-sb.de
  http://www.htw.uni-sb.de/people/mgietzen/atari/xl-it.html  
  
------------------------------

Subject: 11.1) What are the best terminal emulators available?

     Here are some of the more popular PD/freeware/shareware terminal
programs available.

BobTerm 1.22, shareware by Bob Puff
     Emulates: VT52
     Text: 40 columns in gr.0; 80 col. w/ XEP80
     File Xfer: XMODEM, YMODEM, FMODEM
     Autodial: Yes
     Backscroll buffer: No
     Capture-to-disk: Yes
     Summary: Feature-filled; excellent for BBSing
     filename: Telecomm/bterm12.arc

Kermit-65 3.7, PD by John R. Dunning
     Emulates: VT100
     Text: 40 columns in gr.0; 80 col. in gr.8; 80 col. w/ XEP80 (sort of)
     File Xfer: Kermit
     Autodial: No
     Backscroll buffer: No
     Capture-to-disk: No
     Summary: Excellent VT100 emulation; rock-solid Kermit Xfers
     filenames:   Telecomm/k65v37.arc - latest version
                  Telecomm/k65doc.arc - documentation
                  Telecomm/k65src.arc - source code

OmniCom by CDY Consulting
     Emulates: VT100
     Text: 80 columns in gr.8
     File Xfer: XMODEM, Kermit
     Autodial: No
     Backscroll buffer: No
     Capture-to-disk: No
     Summary: Combination VT100, XMODEM, Kermit; buggy at file Xfers
     filename: Telecomm/omnicom.arc

VT850 B1, shareware by Curtis Laser
     Emulates: VT100/VT102 (plus complete VT220 keymap)
     Text: 40 columns in gr.0; 80 col. w/ XEP80
     File Xfer: None
     Autodial: No
     Backscroll buffer: No
     Capture-to-disk: Yes
     Summary: Excellent at VT100 on the XEP80; 1200bps top speed
     filename: Telecomm/vt850b1.arc

FlickerTerm 80 v.0.51, freeware by LonerSoft (Clay Halliwell)
     Emulates: VT100, IBM ANSI
     Text: 80 column via a special Graphics 0 screen (no hardware req'd)
     File Xfer: None
     Autodial: No
     Backscroll buffer: No
     Capture-to-disk: No
     Summary: Fastest and most complete VT100 emulation; readability a minus
     filename: ?????

Ice-T 2.71 XE (128K) or 1.1 (48K) by IceSoft (Itay Chamiel)
     Emulates: VT100
     Text: 80 column via a fast-scrolling graphics 8 screen
     File Xfer: XMODEM download
     Autodial: Yes (2.7 XE) or No (1.1)
     Backscroll buffer: Yes--8 screens (2.7 XE) or One screen (1.1)
     Capture-to-disk: Yes--up to 16K (2.7 XE) or No (1.1)
     Summary: Excellent for high-speed VT100 emulation
     available from mailto:brucka@eruvin.jct.ac.il

------------------------------

Subject: 11.2) Can I read/write 8-bit Atari disks on an IBM-PC?

There are several programs that allow an MS-DOS system to work with an
Atari-format diskette.  The following require a DOS and disk drive on the
Atari end capable of the SS/DD 180K format:

ATARIO by Dave Brandman w/ Kevin White - Reads SS/DD 180K Atari disks.
  filename: Diskutils/atario21.arc

SpartaRead by Oscar Fowler - Reads SS/DD 180K SpartaDOS disks.
  filename: Diskutils/sr.arc

UTIL by Charles Marslett - Reads/Writes SS/DD 180K Atari disks. Use MyUTIL!
  filename: Diskutils/dskutil.arc
     (Older versions are contained in pcxfer.arc, util.arc, and ataridsk.arc)

MyUTIL by Charles Marslett with Mark Vallevand, and
SpartaDOS disk utility by Mark Vallevand
  filename: Diskutils/myutil.zip
     includes best version of UTIL for read/write of SS/DD 180K Atari disks,
     plus Mark's SpartaDOS disk utility v0.1e to access 180K SpartaDOS disks

MyUTIL and the XF551 - tips from mailto:JTKIRK@urp.edu.pe:

]MyUtil works fine with the XF551. The XF551's speed is 300 rpm (sometimes even
]up to 303 rpm). I've got two XF551s and can read/write disks written on a PC
]with MyUtil on both with no problems. MyUtil even can write to a DS/DD disk,
]for a total of 360 K, BUT: the ATARI disks not only have the bits inverted,
]the second side is also read BACKWARDS respect to PC disks. That is, when
]MyUtil on the PC writes to what it thinks is sector 721, it really is writing
]to sector 1440! Worse, if you take an ATARI disk with a file whose sectors
]get past sector 720, MyUtil will attempt to read the sector 2161-n instead of
]'n', and you'll get a 'truncated record' error. The solution is simply to
]rewrite the code to take into account this (if sec>720 then sec=2161-sec).
]Let me know if you modify this. You don't know how frustrating it is to have
]to use only 180 K of a 360 K disk! I'm going to analyze the source code, but
]I don't know if I will be able to modify it properly. If someone does it
]before, please email me and send me an uuencoded copy or tell me where to get
]it.

Here's some advice on using the above utilities from mailto:hans@umd5.umd.edu
(Hans Breitenlohner):

There are two technical obstacles to interchanging disks between
DD Atari drives and PC drives.

1. The Atari drive spins slightly slower (288 rpm instead of 300 rpm).
   If you format a disk on the Atari, then write sectors on the PC, it is
   possible that the header of the next physical sector will be overwritten,
   making that sector unreadable.  (The next physical sector is usually
   the current logical sector+2).  The solution to this is to format all
   disks on the PC.
       (Aside:  Does anybody know how this problem is handled on the
        XF551?  Is it also slowed down?)
     Konrad Kokoszkiewicz, mailto:conradus@plearn.edu.pl answers:
     "The XF551 disk drive is not slowed down - these drives are spinning
     300 rotations per minute. To prevent troubles with read/write disks
     formatted and written on normal Atari drives (288 rot/min), the main
     crystal frequency for the floppy disk controller is 8.333 MHz
     (not 8 MHz, as in 1050, for example)."

2. If the PC drive is a 1.2M drive there is the additional problem of the
   track width.  The following is generally true in the PC world:
    - disks written on 360k drives can be read on either drive
    - blank disk formatted and written on 1.2M drives can be read on
      either kind
    - disks written on a 360k drive, and overwritten on a 1.2M drive,
      can be read reliably only on a 1.2M drive.
    - disks previously formatted on a 360k drive, or formatted as 1.2MB,
      and then reformatted on a 1.2M drive to 360k, can be read reliably
      only on a 1.2M drive.
    (all this assumes you are using DD media, not HD).

   Solution: Use a 360k drive if you can.  If not, format disks on the
   Atari for Atari to PC transfers, format truly blank disks on the PC
   for PC to Atari transfers.


While the above work with SS/DD 180K Atari-format disks, the following
combination of utilities can be used to work with SS/SD 90K Atari-format
disks, and is currently the best bet for reading SS/ED 128K Atari-format
disks.

AnaDisk 2.07, shareware by Sydex - Reads/Writes "any" 5.25" diskette
  filenames: Xf2/anad207.zip, Xf2/anadisk.txt
Deana by Nate Monson - converts AnaDisk dump files from Atari format
  filenames: Xf2/deana.com, Xf2/deana.txt

Explanation --> According to mailto:crow@cs.dartmouth.edu (Preston Crow),
"As best as I can figure it out, if your PC drive happens to read
FM disks (I'm not sure what the criteria for that is), then you
can read single density disks on your PC by dumping the contents
to a file with AnaDisk, and then using Deana.com to convert the
dump file into a usable format.
For enhanced density disks, Anadisk generally only reads the first
portion of each sector, but it demonstrates that it is possible for
a PC drive to read enhanced density disks."

------------------------------

Subject: 11.3) Can I read/write MS-DOS disks on an 8-bit Atari?

a) Mule by Rick Cortese - Read/Write 180K MS-DOS disks with an Atari 1050
drive or equivalent.  Very limited.
  filenames: Diskutils/mule.arc, Diskutils/mule.exe, Diskutils/mule.txt

b) SIO2PC, described elsewhere in this FAQ List (section 12.4), can be
used to read/write to a hard drive connected to an MS-DOS system.  This
can also be a very effective file-transfer solution.

c) The XF551 3.5" Upgrades from Computer Software Services (see the
companion vendor/developer list) allow the Atari XF551 disk drive to read
720K 3.5" MS-DOS disks.

d) The Floppy Board, the add-on to the Black-Box from Computer Software
Services (see the companion vendor/developer list), allows both low
density (360K 5.25", 720K 3.5"), and, in the case of the Deluxe
Version, high density (1.2M 5.25", 1.44M 3.5") external MS-DOS-standard
floppy drives to be used on the Atari.  A utility is included to
read/write MS-DOS formatted floppies in all supported densities.

------------------------------

Subject: 11.4) How do I transfer files using a null modem cable?

This section by mailto:cb541@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (James R. Gilbert)

A:  Simply put, you need a terminal program and an RS 232 port on
    each computer.  The RS 232 ports need to be connected
    together using a 'null modem cable'.

    For up to 4800 bps, no flow control lines need be
    connected.  Just cross the transmit and receive lines
    and join the grounds together.  (Transmit is pin #2,
    receive is pin #3 and ground is pin #7 on the 25-pin
    port.)

    The right hand pin on the 'long' side of a female 'D'
    connector is #1.  There are 13 holes on this 'long'
    side, 12 holes on the 'short' side.  The numbers go from
    #1 on the right to #13 on the left on the 'long' side
    and from #14 to #25 from right to left on the 'short'
    side. #25 is closest to being under #13.  A male
    connector is the mirror image of this.

    Most terminal programs allow a null connection, without a
    carrier detect.  Notably, '850 Express!' does not.

    A convenient way to make a null modem cable, up to about
    30 feet long, is to use two female DB25 connectors and
    some three or more conductor cable.  Using the two DB25
    female connectors allows unplugging your modem and
    plugging in the null modem cable.  This also avoids the
    confusion of the wide variety of serial port jacks on
    different computers.  Almost all computers connect into
    the modem via a DB25 connection.

    The SIO port on the Atari cannot be used directly.  An
    850 Interface Module, P:R:Connection, Multi I/O, Black
    Box (by Computer Software Services) or similar device
    that provides an RS232 port must be used.

    On the Atari, the port is a female DB9.  So you need a
    male DB9 to male DB25 modem cable to connect to your
    modem. So why not use this cable as your null modem
    cable as well?

    For higher speed connections, above about 9600 bps on the
    8-bit, you need the flow control lines.  You also need
    a Multi I/O or Black Box, which use the PBI (parallel bus),
    then you can go higher than 9600 bps.

    Following are pin assignments for a DB25 pin RS 232 C
    port.
                 13                       1
                  o o o o o o o o o o o o o
                   o o o o o o o o o o o o
                  25                     14

          (Above is female, male is mirror image.)

1.  Protective Ground        12.  Select Alternate Rate
2.  Transmit Data            15.  Transmit Clock (sync)
3.  Receive Data             17.  Receive clock (sync)
4.  RTS (Request to Send)    20.  Data Terminal Ready
5.  CTS (Clear to Send)      22.  Ring indicator
6.  Data Set Ready           23.  Select Alternate Rate
7.  Signal Ground            24.  Transmit Clock
8.  Carrier Detect

    A high speed cable would need not only pins 2 and 3 crossed
    but also pins 4 and 5 as well as 6 and 8.  Or better
    yet, make a true 25 wire, straight through cable and use
    a commercial null modem.  A commercial null modem is
    just a small device with the correct lines already
    crossed.

    (DTE = Data Terminal Equipment, i.e., your computer.
     DCE = Data Communications Equipment, i.e., your modem.)

------------------------------

Subject: 12.1) What 5.25" floppy disk drives are available?

Major contributors to this section:
mailto:Krishna@max.tiac.net (Glenn M. Saunders)
mailto:tatar@student.uci.agh.edu.pl (Tomasz M. Tatar)
mailto:sup8pdct@closer.brisnet.org.au (James Bradford)
mailto:conradus@plearn.edu.pl (Konrad M. Kokoszkiewicz)

==> Atari 810
            SS SD           19.2Kbps standard

==> Happy 810
            SS SD           Warp speed

==> Atari 1050
            SS SD/ED        19.2Kbps standard

==> Happy 1050
            SS SD/ED/DD     Warp speed US Doubler/19.2 and 52k. track
buffering

==> Super Archiver 1050
            SS SD/ED/DD     Ultra Speed 50+K

==> Speedy 1050
            SS SD/ED/DD     78K mode (European) used w/ Bibo-DOS (Compy Shop)

==> SuperMax 1050
            SS SD/ED/DD     19.2k and 52k (ultra speed)
by Super Products. Compatiable with SuperDOS and US Doubler

==> Lazer 1050
            SS SD/ED/DD     Another Happy clone; Compatible w/ US Doubler

==> Atari XF551
            SS/DS SD/ED/DD  38K burst mode usable only with SpartaDOS X,
SuperDOS 5.1, TurboDOS, DOS XE, and patched SpartaDOS 3.2. XF DS system now
considered "standard".

==> CSS XF551
            SS/DS SD/ED/DD  US Doubler compatible. Updates drive to work
better and faster.  Also 3.5" upgrade available

==> Percom RFD4x-Sy
where: x=0 -> a single-sided drive
       x=4 -> a double-sided drive
       y=1 -> a single-drive unit
       y=2 -> a dual-drive unit

==> Percom AT88-Sy[PD]
where: y=1 -> a single-drive unit
       y=2 -> a dual-drive unit
       PD  -> equipped with a built-in parallel printer port

==> Trak ATD1
            SS SD

==> Trak ATD2
            SS SD/DD
Built in Diagnostics.  Track indicator.  Write protect switch.  Built in
parallel printer interface.  2k printer buffer (expandable).  Optional
Turbo software on Eprom.

==> Trak AT-1
            SS SD/DD        Slave

==> Indus GT
            SS SD/ED/DD     Synchromesh mode usable with SpartaDOS X and
DOSXL only.

==> Astra Double-D?
            SS/DS SD/DD?    standard /LEDs and such

==> Rana 1000
            SS SD/ED/DD     standard /LEDs and such can format disks on a
stand alone basis

==> TOMS 720
double head disk drive, 5.25", with mounted interface Centronics,
chips: CPU 8085, WD2797, PIA 8255 (for handle Centronics), 32 KB ROM, 8 KB RAM
ROM contains: OS of drive, MYDOS 4.50 and some utilities (copy, format, etc.)
ROM is seen by computer as drive D1: (if drive is open), and D3: (when drive
has number D1:) or D4: (when drive has number D2:). It makes possible load DOS
from ROMdisk during booting system.
Formats of disks:
- SS/SD - 40 tracks, 18 sects, 128 bytes = 90 KB
- SS/ED - 40 tracks, 26 sects, 128 bytes = 130 KB
- SS/ED - 40 tracks, 18 sects, 256 bytes = 180 KB
- SS/ID - IBM S-9 - 40 tracks, 9 sects, 512 bytes = 180 KB
- DS/DD - 40 tracks, 18 sects, 256 bytes = 360 KB
- DS/QD - 80 tracks, 18 sects, 256 bytes = 720 KB
- DS/ID - IBM D-9 - 40 tracks, 9 sects, 512 bytes = 360 KB
Transmition modes:
- normal - 19200 bps
- Turbo - 70000 bps
- Ultra Speed - 70000 bps
Also tracks buffering.

==> AS SN-360
double head disk drive, 5.25", CPU 8051, controler WD2797
19200 bps
Available formats:
- SS/SD - (FM) single sided, single density - 90 KB
- SS/ED - (MFM) single sided, enhanced density - 130 KB
- SS/DD - (MFM) single sided, double density - 180 KB
- DS/DD - (MFM) double sided, double density - 360 KB

==> TOMS 710
(The newest polish disk drive and probably the best one)
Similar to TOMS 720, one more format:
- double sided, 80 tracks, IBM (720 KB)
Transmition modes:
- standard 19200 bps
- TOMS Turbo (loaded from ROMdisk if drive is open) - 67000 bps
- Ultra Speed (QMEG-OS, SpartaDOS) - 67000 bps
Also tracks buffering.
ROMdisk contain:
- MYDOS 4.50
- COPY
- INIT
- TURBO - turn on/off TOMS Turbo mode
- BASIC - turn on/off Atari Basic
- AUTORUN.SYS - ramdisk
- README
Also TOMS Navigator instead of DUP.SYS. It is program similar to Norton
Commander on PCs.
IBM-ST copier on additional disk.

==> LDW Super 2000
            SS SD/ED/DD     19200 bps or 38000 bps
CPU Z80A, ROM 4 KB, RAM 256 B.  Some difficulties with ED

==> LDW CA-2001
            SS SD/ED/DD     19200 bps or 38000 bps
CPU Z80A, ROM 4 KB, RAM 256 B.  Some difficulties with ED

==> LDW CA-2002
            SS/DS SD/ED/DD  19200 bps, 70000 with SpartaDOS
CPU 8040, ROM 4 KB, RAM 256 B

==> Floppy board various
            Any standard    very fast parallel
DOS-transparent. Requires Black Box. DS system configurable for
XF Percom or ATR style

==> HDI various
            Any standard    very fast SIO? European

==> SWP ATR-8000
            Any standard    standard except 1.2 meg and unique DS system
(HD) nice Z80 CP/M system in which CP/M drive acccess is parallel only
thus faster.

==> Atari 1450XLD drives
            DS SD/ED DD?    standard, requires DOS4.  unusual DS system
Only prototypes exist.

==> KARIN MAXI
Double head disk drive 360 KB/5,25" or 720 KB/3,5", controller WD 1772.
Available formats:
= standard SS/SD 90 KB
= standard SS/ED 130 KB
= standard SS/DD 180 KB
= 'cylindric' DS/DD 360 KB (XF-551 uncompatible)
= 'cylindric' DS/QD 720 KB (TOMS-compatible; 720 KB drives only)
Any other capabilities depend on a special software.
Transmission mode:
- parallel: real speed 11.25 kilobytes per second with DOS or 22.5 kilo-
  bytes per second with special track-copier.
Notes:
Because of the 1772-registers available in 6502 i/o pages ($D100),
the KARIN MAXI drives look full-programmable.
Preferred systems: My-DOS, SDX.

==> XFD-601B
Double head 360 KB/5,25" disk drive. Controller WD 1772, CPU 8051.
Available formats:
- standard SS/SD 90 KB
- standard SS/ED 130 KB
- standard SS/DD 180 KB
- standard DS/DD 360 KB  (XF-551 compatible)
Transmission modes:
- normal 19200 bps
- Top Drive 1050 70000 bps
- Indus GT (synchromesh) 70000 bps (GTSYNC.COM and INDUS.SYS are not necessary;
  full-compatibel with the SDX)
- Ultra Speed 70000 bps (full-compatible with the older SpartaDOS)
Notes:
Customized sector skew. In fact, the XFD-601B is a original clone of the
XF-551.

==> XFD-602B
The two XFD-601B drives in the one unit.

------------------------------

Subject: 12.2) How can I use 3.5" floppy disks with my 8-bit Atari?

to be written.  volunteers?

- Amdek
- XF551 upgrades (CSS)
- Floppy Board (CSS)
- Percom drive upgrades

==> Atari XF521
            3.5" system     Unreleased

------------------------------

Subject: 12.3) What do I need to connect a hard drive to my 8-bit Atari?

 original by mailto:Krishna@max.tiac.net (Glenn M. Saunders)

For starters, you'll need one of the following interfaces:

==> Corvus hard drive (10 megabytes)
Fast but still relatively slow I/O, kludge through joystick ports for 800. Rare

==> K-Products KPI Hard Disk Drive Interface (formerly from Supra)
Some limitations on drive type and size and total number of drives in sys.

==> Fine Tooned Engineering Multi I/O (formerly from ICD)
256 byter per sector restriction.  256K and 1 meg ramdisk models.
Printer and modem, modem will handle 19.2K bps

==> Computer Software Services Black Box
Will handle all SCSI drives. Allows 9 drive access for MYDOS. Currently the
only modem interface with CTS/RTS hardware flow control. 19.2K ready.

==> SWP ATR-8000 
Rare daughterboard for hard drives.
I/O is probably fairly slow on this baby and there may be DOS restrictions.

==> IDE Hard Drive Interface from Konrad M. Kokoszkiewicz and Jacek Zuk
- two IDE drives can be handled as well
- up to 8388607 logical sectors per drive
- up to 8388607 logical sectors per partition
  (limited to 65535 by existing disk operating systems)
- up to 15 partitions simultaneously
  (limited to 9 by existing disk operating systems)
- up 58 kilobytes per second in read or write operations
  (limited to 32/7 in read/write operations by existing operating systems)
- native IDE mode for a future disk operating system
- emulation mode for existing DOSes like MyDOS, SpartaDOS, BWDOS.
- booting from any partition (even on machines with non-upgraded XL OS)
- write-protection feature
- executing non-DOS software from a hard drive partition
- the partitions may be created freely (there aren't fixed partitions)
The interface operates as normal PBI device and has a connector for 130XE
computers (and other, those have such connector). Tested with various
Western Digital, Seagate and JVC drives. Compatible with the MyDOS 4.50,
SpartaDOS 3.2g, SpartaDOS X 4.20, BWDOS 1.10 and a lots of DOS applications,
demos and games.

==> Fine Tooned Engineering Multi I/O II
An IDE interface.  Released?

------------------------------

Subject: 12.4) What is SIO2PC?

 Original text by Dave Paterson

SIO2PC is a cable and software combination that lets you use your PC as up
to 4 drives for your 8-bit.  Drives can be SD, ED, DD or custom sizes up to
16 megs.  SIO2PC also lets you redirect the printer output to your PC
printer or to a file on the PC.  High speed drives are emulated (a la US
Doubler).

All these functions are transparent at the Atari end; you never notice the
difference between SIO2PC and regular drives, except that the SIO2PC drives
are faster than any others (except Ramdisks and PBI interface drives).

Several different designs for the SIO2PC hardware are floating around.  Best
contact the author for the latest details.

SIO2PC 4.13 is shareware by Nick Kennedy, mailto:nkennedy@cswnet.com

------------------------------

Subject: 13.1) What's the best DOS for the Atari?

This is a matter of opinion, but general consensus is that all 8-bit Atari
users should treat themselves to either MYDOS or SpartaDOS to appreciate the
power of the system.

Either MYDOS or SpartaDOS will work with almost any disk drive, up to 8
drives or hard disk partitions, and ramdisk.
 
MYDOS is modelled after Atari DOS 2.0S/2.5, but provides subdirectory and
  hard-drive support.  MYDOS 4.53 is freeware from Wordmark Systems (Charles
  Marslett and Bob Puff). There are two versions of MYDOS 4.53, one uses 3
  digit sector numbers where possible, known as 4.53/3; the other, known as 
  4.53/4, uses 4 digits minimum.  Complete documentation about the disk formats
  and commands, as well as the source code, is available.

SpartaDOS is a completely different command-line DOS modelled after MS-DOS,
  though it is perfectly capable of reading all Atari DOS and MYDOS disks. 
  SpartaDOS 3.2g is disk-based; SpartaDOS X 4.22 is cartridge-based and 
  includes many additional features. SpartaDOS is available from Fine Tooned 
  Engineering (see companion vendor/developer list).

It is recommended that all 8-bit Atari users own at least DOS 2.5 for complete
compatibility with existing software, and then choose either SpartaDOS or MYDOS
as they see fit.  DOS 2.5, MYDOS and SpartaDOS are all available on the
archives.
  filenames:   Os/dos25.arc (DOS 2.5)
               Fte/fte32g.arc (SpartaDOS 3.2)
               Os/mydos453.dcm (MYDOS - latest version)
               Os/mydos45m.arc (MYDOS - latest complete doc's)

Any other versions of DOS all 8-bit Atari users should be aware of??

------------------------------

Subject: 13.2) What hardware has Atari created in the 8-bit computer line?

Computers:
400 Personal Computer  (1979) 8/16K, membrane keyboard, 400/800 OS
800 Personal Computer  (1979) 8/16/48K, two cartridge slots, 400/800 OS
1200XL Home Computer   (1982) 64K, early XL OS, F1-F4 keys, 4 LEDs
600XL Home Computer    (1983) 16K, BASIC, PBI, XL OS
800XL Home Computer    (1983) 64K, BASIC, PBI, XL OS
65XE Personal Computer (1985) same as 800XL minus PBI
130XE Personal Computer(1985) same as 65XE with 128K plus ECI
800XE Personal Computer(1987?)~same as 130XE but 64K. Mostly eastern Europe.
XE Game System         (1987) same as 65XE plus Missle Command, detach keybd

Peripherals:
410 Program Recorder       -Japan and Hong Kong versions
810 Disk Drive             -SS/SD 90K with DOS 1 or DOS 2.0S,MPI&Tandon vers.
820 Printer                -40 col.
822 Thermal Printer        -40 col.
825 80-Column Printer      -req. 850
830 Acoustic Modem         -300 baud req. 850, with Telelink I software
835 Direct Connect Modem   -300 baud, with Telelink II software
850 Interface Module       -4 9-pin serial, 1 15-pin parallel ports, beige &
                            black metal versions
1010 Program Recorder      -Sanyo and Chelco versions
1020 Color Printer         -40 col.(80 by command) print/plot in 4 colors
1025 80-Column Printer     -7-pin dot matrix
1027 Letter-Quality Printer-80 col. letter quality =Mann-Tally Riteman LQ
1029 Printer               -7-pin dot matrix, same as Commodore MPS-801
1030 Direct Connect Modem  -300 baud, with ModemLink software
1050 Disk Drive            -SS/ED 128K with DOS 3 or DOS 2.5
1064                       -64K RAM module for 600XL
XC11 Program Recorder
XC12 Program Recorder
XM301 Modem                -300 baud, with XE Term software
XMM801 Printer             -80 col.  Ribbon: Mannesman/Tally MS80
XDM121 Printer             -80 col.letter quality. Ribbon: Silver Reed CF130
XF551 Disk Drive           -DS/DD 360K with DOS XE
XEP80 Interface Module     -80 col. video display and DB25 parallel port
SX212 Modem                -1200 baud, rarely with SX-Express! package

Atari 8-bit vaporware computers: (note some are more vaporous than others)
1200     1200XL internally, many slight cosmetic differences
800XLF   late 800XL with a redesigned motherboard, & FREDDY (from the XE's)
1250XLD  Earlier concept of the 1450XLD
1400XL   800XL plus modem, speech synth.(looks like a 1200XL)
1450XL   Earlier concept of the 1450XLD
1450XLD  1400XL plus 5.25" floppy drive
65XEP    65XE plus 3.5" floppy drive, 5" green monitor
65XEM    65XE plus AMIE sound chip

Atari 8-bit vaporware peripherals:(note some are more vaporous than others)
815 Dual Disk Drive     -2 x SS/DD 180K with DOS 2.0D
1055                    -a 1050 (SS/ED) with a 3.5" mechanism
1090 XL Expansion System-for PBI, CP/M/MS-DOS/Apple II compatible
XM128                   -12" green monitor w/ built-in 80-column card
XC1411                  -composite 14" color monitor
XF521                   -5.25" floppy drive - 1050 compatible, in XE style
XTM201                  -non-impact printer
XTC201                  -non-impact color printer

------------------------------

Subject: 13.3) What are the power-supply requirements for my Atari
               components?

As with the rest of this FAQ list, please let me know if any of this
information conflicts with the units you have.  I'm also not sure how much
of this section is valid outside North America.  If it's not valid where
you are, I need to hear from you!

The most important information is the voltage (in volts) required, and
whether you need a transformer (AC output) or an adapter (DC output).  The
power (in watts) and current (in amperes) specifications of the original
equipment as presented here should be regarded as minimum values.
Higher-than-specified power and current capacities are entirely usable,
and often preferable because such supplies run cooler and last longer.

Relevant law of physics:
Power (in watts) = current (in amps) * voltage (in volts)

9 V AC  5.4 VA  (600 mA)  Atari#CO62195  transformer:
  1030

9 V AC  ???? VA  (??? A)  Atari#CO61516  transformer:
  1010
9 V AC  15.3 VA  (1.7 A)  Atari#CO14319  transformer:
  400,800,822,850,1010,1200XL
9 V AC  18 VA  (2.0 A)  Atari#CA014748  transformer:
  400,800,810,822,850,1010,1200XL
9 V AC  18 VA  (2.0 A)  Atari#CA016804  transformer:
  400,800,810,822,850,1010,1200XL
9 V AC  31 VA  (3.4 A)  Atari#CO17945  transformer:
  400,800,810,822,850,1010,1200XL,1020,1050,XF551
9 V AC  50 VA  (5.6 A)  Atari#CA017964  transformer:
  400,800,810,822,850,1010,1200XL,1020,1050,XF551

9.5 V AC  40 VA  (4.2 A)  Atari#CO61636  transformer:
  1027

24 V AC  3.6 VA  (150 mA)  Atari#CA016751  transformer:
  830

5 V DC  1.0 A  (5.0 W)  Atari#CO70042  adapter:
  65XE,XE Game System
5 V DC  1.5 A  (7.5 W)  Atari#CO61982  adapter:
  600XL,800XL,65XE,130XE,XE Game System                    
5 V DC  1.5 A  (7.5 W)  Atari#CA024814  adapter:
  600XL,800XL,65XE,130XE,XE Games System
5 V DC  ??? A  (??? W)  Atari#CO81982  adapter:
  XL/XE

6 V DC  300 mA  (1.8 W)  Atari#???????  adapter:
  "410P"

9 V DC  500 mA  (4.5 W)  Atari#CO16353  adapter:
  XEP80,SX212,2600
9 V DC  500 mA  (4.5 W)  Atari#CA014034  adapter:
  XEP80,SX212,2600

9.3 V DC  1.93 A  (18 W)  Atari#CO18187  adapter:
  Indus GT,5200
11.5 V DC  1.95 A  (22 W)  Atari#CA019141  adapter:
  Indus GT,5200

5 V / 12 V DC  1.1 A  (5.5 W / 13.2 W)  Atari#CO62297  adapter:
  1400XL,1450XLD

These draw their power from the SIO +5 V:
  XM301 (60 mA),XC12,ICD/FTe P:R:Connection

Draws power from the 600XL PBI:
  1064

These have built-in power supplies (plug directly into the wall):
  410,815,820,825,1025,1029,XMM801,XDM121

The power supply requirements for the following are still needed:
??? V DC  ???? A  (???? W)  Atari#CA060535  adapter:
  835

XC11 program recorder (no brick needed -> internal or SIO source?)

OTHER:
The ICD/FTe Multi I/O (MIO), all versions, can use both AC and DC supplies.
But stick to voltages of at least 6.2-7.2 V.

------------------------------

Subject: 13.4) What are the pinouts for the...?

Serial I/O (SIO) Port (all machines):
   2   4   6   8  10  12
 1   3   5   7   9  11  13
1. Clock Input             8. Motor Control
2. Clock Output            9. Proceed
3. Data Input             10. +5V/Ready
4. Ground                 11. Audio Input
5. Data Output            12. +12V (400,800 only. 1400XL/1450XLD?)
6. Ground                 13. Interrupt
7. Command

Cartridge Slot ("Left" slot on all machines; "Right" slot on 800 only):
A  B  C  D  E  F  H  J  K  L  M  N  P  R  S
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15
 1. ~S4(Left) R/~W late(Right) A. RD4(Left) B02(Right)
 2. A3                         B. GND
 3. A2                         C. A4
 4. A1                         D. A5
 5. A0                         E. A6
 6. D4                         F. A7
 7. D5                         H. A8
 8. D2                         J. A9
 9. D1                         K. A12
10. D0                         L. D3
11. D6                         M. D7
12. ~S5(Left) ~S4(Right)       N. A11
13. +5V                       P. A10
14. RD5(Left) RD4(Right)       R. R/~W
15. ~CCTL                      S. B02

Enhanced Cartridge Interface (ECI) (130XE and 800XE only):
A  B  C  D  E  F  H
1  2  3  4  5  6  7
A. Reserved   1. ~EXSEL
B. ~IRQ       2. ~RST
C. ~HALT      3. ~D1XX
D. A13        4. ~MPD
E. A14        5. Audio
F. A15        6. ~REF
H. GND        7. +5V

Monitor Jack (all but 400, North American 600XL, XE Game System):
3       1
 5     4
    2
1. Composite Luminance  (not on 600XL)
2. Ground
3. Audio Output
4. Composite Video
5. Composite Chroma (not on 800XL,1200XL; grounded on 600XL)

Power Adapter Plug (all but 400,800,1200XL,1400XL,1450XLD):
  7   6
3       1
 5     4
    2
1. +5V
2. Shield
3. Ground
4. +5V
5. Ground
6. +5V
7. Ground

Controller Port (4 on 400/800, 2 on all others):
1   2   3   4   5
  6   7   8   9
1. (Joystick) Forward Input
2. (Joystick) Back Input
3. (Joystick) Left Input
4. (Joystick) Right Input
5. B Potentiometer Input
6. Trigger Input / Light Pen Input. Port 4 only on 400
7. +5V
8. Ground
9. A Potentiometer Input

Parallel Bus Interface (PBI) (600XL and 800XL only):
 1  3  5  7  9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
 2  4  6  8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
  1. GND ground                2. External select
  3. A0 Address output         4. A1
  5. A2                        6. A3
  7. A4                        8. A5
  9. A6                       10. GND
 11. A7                       12. A8
 13. A9                       14. A10
 15. A11                      16. A12
 17. A13                      18. A14
 19. GND                      20. A15
 21. D0 Data (bidirectional)  22. D1
 23. D2                       24. D3
 25. D4                       26. D5
 27. D6                       28. D7
 29. GND                      30. GND
 31. Phase 2 clock output     32. GND
 33. NC Reserved              34. Reset output
 35. (IRQ) Interrupt request  36. Ready input
 37. NC                       38. External decoder output
 39. NC                       40. Refresh output
 41. Column address output    42. GND
 43. Math pack disable input  44. Row addr strobe
 45. GND                      46. Latch read/write out
 47. NC (+5V on 600XL only)   48. NC (+5V on 600XL only, used to power 1064)
 49. Audio input              50. GND

R1: Serial port DB9P (850 Interface Module):
5   4   3   2   1                      ____________________________
  9   8   7   6                       / DB25P
1. DTR - Data Terminal Ready    (out) +  20
2. CRX - Signal (carrier) Detect (in) +  8
3. XMT - Transmitted Data       (out) +  2
4. RCV - Received Data           (in) +  3
5. GND - Signal Ground                +  7
6. DSR - Data Set Ready          (in) +  6
7. RTS - Request to Send        (out) +  4
8. CTS - Clear to Send           (in) +  5
No connection to shield               + Frame - to the shield wire

R2: Serial port (850 Interface Module):
5   4   3   2   1
  9   8   7   6
1. DTR
3. Send Data
4. Receive Data
5. Signal Ground
6. DSR

R3: Serial port (850 Interface Module):
5   4   3   2   1
  9   8   7   6
1. DTR
3. Send Data
4. Receive
5. Signal Ground
7. RTS
8. -8 Volts

R4: Serial port (850 Interface Module):
5   4   3   2   1
  9   8   7   6
1. Send Data +
3. Send Data -
7. Receive Data +
9. Receive Data - (20 mA)

P: Parallel port (850 Interface Module) DB15P:
      8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  ____________________________
       15 14 13 12 11 10  9  / 36 pin Centronics (male)
1. Data Strobe               +   1
2. D0                        +   2
3. D1                        +   3
4. D2                        +   4
5. D3                        +   5
6. D4                        +   6
7. D5                        +   7
8. D6                        +   8
9. Data Pull up (+5v)        +
10. -                        +
11. Ground                   +  16
12. Fault                    +  32
13. Busy                     +  11
14. -                        +
15. D7                       +   9
No connection to shield      + Frame - to the shield wire

P: Parallel port (XEP80 Interface Module):
    13  12  11  10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1
      25  24  23  22  21  20  19  18  17  16  15  14
    1. Strobe
  2-9. Parallel Data
   10. Not Used
   11. Busy
12-17. Not Used
18-25. Ground

------------------------------

Subject: 13.5) What BBS software can be used on the Atari?

This section by mailto:winston@merk.com (Winston Smith)

Here is the run down of ATARI 6502 8-BIT BBSes that I am aware of:

  o  A.M.I.S. BBS --  The A.C.E. Message Information Service.
                      This BBS was written in BASIC by the Atari Computer
Enthusiasts computer club (was it the Michigan chapter?).  It included
designs for a ring-detector.  You needed a sector editor and had to
allocate message space by hand, hex byte by hex byte.

  o  FoReM BBS --  Friends of Rickey Moose BBS.
                        At the time, there were a lot of BBSes around
called things such as "FORUM-80" and "BULLET-80", ergo the name.  FoReM BBS
was the first truly RBBS-like BBS for the ATARI 8-bit.  It was programmed
in BASIC and was somewhat crashy.  I think that this is the
great-grandparent of the FOREM-XE BBSes that survive today.

Matt Singer, mailto:msinger@oe.fau.edu writes:
FoReM BBS derived from an early AMIS. When multiple message areas were
added the name was extended to FoReM 26M.  Then, When OSS released BASIC
XL the program was rehacked and called FoReM XL... Bill Dorsey wrote most
of the Assembler routines (where is he now?).

  o  ABBCS --  The ANTIC Bulletin Board Construction Set.
               The user design of the ABBCS was very good.  It sported
features such as intra-line editors.  Unfortunately, the coding of the
ABBCS was really poor.  You could practically blow on your keyboard and
crash this BBS.  The BBS would sometimes crash several times a day.

  o  NITE-LITE BBS --  Paul Swanson's BBS with RAM disk.
                       Paul Swanson was a programmer from the Boston,
Massachusetts, USA, area.  I'm not sure whether his BBS for the
Atari 8-bit has been placed into the public domain or not.  This BBS was
the first to support a RAMdisk, which Paul Swanson called a "V:" device
for "virtual disk".  This BBS was written in Atari BASIC and required a
joystick hardware "dongle" device.  This was notable as being one of the
first Atari 8-BIT BBSes that could actually go for a week without having
to be rebooted.  Pointers to the message base were kept in an Atari "very
long string" (for which Atari BASIC is famous).  The BBS would only have
problems (for the most part) if this string became corrupted.

  o ATKEEP --  An Atari 8-bit version of CITADEL BBS.
               I believe that AT-KEEP, like FOREM-XE, requires the use of
the commercial BASIC XE cartridge to run.  This BBS program was very
popular around Louisiana, USA, from what I understand.

  o Benton's SMART BBS --  BBS written in BASIC by Marco Benton.
                           This program is written entirely in BASIC.  It
expects to be running under a SpartaDOS environment.  This was a problem
until very recently, when the disk-based version of SpartaDOS was
re-released as shareware. This BBS program uses a "modem clock string"
rather than an R-Time 8 cartridge in order to retrieve the current time.
It also comes with an Atari BASIC game door called "Sabotage".

  o FOREM-XE --  FOREM using BASIC XE.
                 This version of FOREM BBS requires the commercial BASIC XE
cartridge in order to run.  It is in the public domain and can import and
export messages from the Atari PRO! BBS EXPRESS-NET (7-bit text only,
control ATASCII graphics are reserved for message data-structure bytes).
FOREM-XE BBS is still currently in use as we speak, and may be reached via
the PRO! EXPRESS-NET as long as the cross-networking "transnet" is still in
effect.

  o The BBS Express  --  PRO! BBS demo program.
                         This is the public domain version of EXPRESS!-BBS,
which is the Keith Ledbetter companion project of the EXPRESS!-TERM
terminal program of days gone by.  I am not familiar with this program.  I
think that it is written in Action! and only supports XMODEM Checksum
transfers.  I have never called or seen this program demonstrated.

  o OASIS JUNIOR III --  OASIS BBS demo program.
                         OASIS JUNIOR III is the --ALL MACHINE LANGUAGE--
demo version of the OASIS BBS program.  OASIS is very crash-resistant and
comes with a "dial out" screen so that the Sysop can use the BBS as a
terminal program to call and fetch files without having to bring the BBS
down and reload a terminal program.  OASIS supports "Door programs" which
it refers to as "OASIS PAL modules".  This OASIS demo module comes with an
excellent message system.  The OASIS file system is one of the most
complicated that I have ever seen.  It consists of "file libraries" with
suites of "file types".  There is quite a bit of overhead involved in
performing a download (which may be a good thing, as it discourages file
hogs).  There is a commercial version of OASIS called "OASIS IV" that
performs networking.  There was an OASIS network between Boston,
Massachusets, USA and Murfreesboro(SP?), Tennessee, USA.  Occasionally word
of the OASIS IV developers reaches the network from New Zealand or Canada.

  o Frank Walters BBS --  I know nothing about this BBS except that Frank
                          Walters wrote it.


     OASIS IV, CARINA, and BBS-EXPRESS-PROFESSIONAL! are all commercial
programs.  I haven't heard anything about OASIS IV and CARINA for a while,
but PRO!-BBS is still a viable commercial enterprise last that I had heard.

------------------------------

Subject: 13.6) What version of Atari BASIC do I have?

At the READY prompt, enter "? PEEK(43234)"

If the result is:  You have Revision:
     162                  A
     96                   B
     234                  C

------------------------------

Subject: 13.7) What are the Standards for Used 8-Bit Stuff?

Developed by mailto:b.poehland@genie.geis.com (Ben Poehland)
 
When selling used 8-bit Atari equipment in the comp.sys.atari.8bit/Info-Atari8
Digest/INFO-A8 discussion group, please consider describing the condition of
the materials you are selling using these standards.  This will go a long way
toward preventing potentially highly-contentious misunderstandings.  Usage is
voluntary, but recommended.

LN (Like New)-- Item is pristine, unused, w/all manuals & original packaging
                materials.
EC (Excellent Condition)-- Item is little used, good working order, physically
                clean, may have a very few minor cosmetic blemishes, w/original
                manuals.
GC (Good Condition)-- Item is in good working order but slightly soiled,
                contains worn parts or minor scratches/dings that betray heavy
                service or old age, w/original manual or copied manuals.
FC (Fair Condition)-- Item in working order but missing manuals/accessories;
                heavily worn/soiled or cosmetically damaged.
BC (Basket Case)-- Item does not work, is damaged/butchered, missing manuals &
                accessories etc., but contains salvageable parts.

------------------------------

Subject: 13.8) What games support 4 simultaneous players on the 400/800?

The following games support 4 player head-to-head play.  Remember, only the
400 and 800 computer models sport 4 controller ports.

Asteroids, Basketball, Breakout, Dandy, M.U.L.E., Maze War, Silicon Warrior,
Survivor.

Thanks to mailto:jlodoen@shell.portal.com (Jeff M Lodoen) for initial info.

------------------------------

Subject: 13.9) Why should I disconnect the 810/1050 power supply before 
               connecting or disconnecting SIO cables?

Rich Mier writes:

You've been plugging and unplugging the SIO cable with the 1050 power pack
plugged in, right?  That's a no-no.  Most of the time it's Okay, but about 1 in
10, 20 times, it will blow out 'U-1'.  It's a CA/LM 3086 I.C. at the right,
rear of the main board.  A 14 pin DIL chip.  Actually it is an array of 5
transistors.

Unplug the power pack from the 1050, then unplug the SIO cable.  Power can be
ON on the CPU.  The problem has to do with the secondary winding of the Power
Pack.  Remember, the problem only occurs 1 out of 10 - 20 times that you do it,
not all the time.

It doesn't really matter if the 1050 Transformer has power on or off, it
'Might' happen if plugged into the 1050.  It is really bad on 810's.

One thing, if the system has been turned off for, oh say, 5 - 10 minutes it
won't matter.  By then all the capacitors should be bled(sc?) to 0 volts.

------------------------------

Subject: 14.1) What vendors, developers, or publishers support the 8-bit
               Atari?

See the "Atari 8-Bit Computers Vendors and Developers List."  The latest
version may be obtained in the following locations, among many others:

ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/news.answers/atari-8-bit/vendev
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/atari-8-bit/vendev.html
news:comp.sys.atari.8bit   news:comp.answers   news:news.answers
mailto:mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu , message says:
  send usenet/news.answers/atari-8-bit/vendev
  quit

You can also ask me for a copy at mailto:mcurrent@carleton.edu

------------------------------

Subject: 14.2) Where is my nearest 8-bit Atari BBS?

1) Oscar Fowler maintains a list of BBS's supporting the 8-bit Atari.  He posts
his list to comp.sys.atari.8bit every once in a while.

You can ask Oscar for his list at: mailto:oscar@primenet.com


2) Rick Detlefsen is presently compiling a new comprehensive Atari computers
bulletin board systems list.  Contact him by any of the following for more
information:

Rick Detlefsen  Compuserve:74766,1561
                Genie:R.DETLEFSEN
                Internet: mailto:74766.1561@compuserve.com
 
Or by Mail:     ATARI BBS LIST
                C/O RICK DETLEFSEN
                8207 BRIARWOOD LANE
                AUSTIN, TX  78757-7642

------------------------------

Subject: 14.3) Where is my nearest 8-bit Atari user group?

Rick Detlefsen is presently compiling a new comprehensive Atari computers user
groups list.  Contact him by any of the following for more information:

Rick Detlefsen  Compuserve:74766,1561
                Genie:R.DETLEFSEN
                Internet: mailto:74766.1561@compuserve.com
 
Or by Mail:     USER GROUP SURVEY
                C/O RICK DETLEFSEN
                8207 BRIARWOOD LANE
                AUSTIN, TX  78757-7642

------------------------------

Subject: 14.4) How do I use my new or emulated Atari?

"The Unofficial Atari 8-bit New User, Emulator Help FAQ" is maintained by
mailto:kendrick@zippy.sonoma.edu (Bill Kendrick).  Bill and his FAQ are
excellent sources for information on basic usage of the 8-bit Atari, and for
information on the 8-bit Atari emulators which run on other computing
platforms. See:

http://zippy.sonoma.edu/~kendrick/nbs/new_and_emu.html

------------------------------

Subject: 14.5) What prominent Atarians are reachable by e-mail?

The "Who's Who in the Atari Community E-Mail Directory" includes people
involved in all of the Atari computing and gaming platforms.  This directory
is maintained by the managers of the Cleveland Free-Net Atari SIG.  Write to
mailto:xx004@cleveland.freenet.edu (Atari SIG) or see:
http://ace.cs.ohiou.edu/personal/mleair/whos_who.html

===================================================================
End of atari-8-bit/faq
===================================================================